This research examines how strategic wall insulation placement enhances indoor thermal comfort and energy efficiency in extreme desert climates, focusing on Joshua Tree National Park. Using simulation tools such as Rhino, Grasshopper, Honeybee, and Ladybug, various insulation configurations internal, external, and dual-sided were evaluated on modular concrete structures. Results show that optimized insulation reduces heat gain and loss, decreasing indoor temperature fluctuations by up to 30%. The most effective scenario a fully insulated, windowless base case achieved 72.6% annual comfort and maintained PMV within the optimal range. These findings support adaptive envelope strategies for sustainable, climate-responsive building design.
